Blood of amber, amber alias. Amber is the prehistoric fossil pine branches, formed in 40000000 to 60000000 years ago. Amber is the main component of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and a small amount of sulfur, hardness of 2-3, the specific gravity of 1. 05-1. In 10, the melting point of 150 DEG C to - 180 degrees C, n 250 to 375 DEG c.. Amber is a kind of organic substances, can be used to make ornaments, handicrafts and so on. Amber has curative effect, can be used as medicine.
Blood of amber
Amber alias
The amber English name for the Amber, comes from the Latin Ambrum, meaning "the essence of". There is also believed to come from the Arabic Anbar, meaning " glue", because the Spaniards buried Arabia glue and amber is called amber. Ancient Chinese believed that amber is amber"".
The earliest record of the Carboniferous fossil resin, but did not appear until the early Cretaceous amber. The famous amber sedimentary rocks from the Baltic region of Haiti and the Republic of Dominica. Amber is the ancient gymnosperms, resin, but now there is the blossom plant produces gum. Baltic Amber sometimes contains insects or plant residues. Presumably the amber is likely in the original pine trees Pinus succinifera formed in the forest. The Holocene fossil amber half hard resin with different is that they will be dissolved in organic solution.
Amber is the third century conifer resin, the geological effect of buried underground, after a very long geological period,freshwater pearl
the loss of volatile components of resin and cured to form polymeric, amber. It is often accompanied with coal seam. Amber is a hydrocarbon, comprising succinic acid and amber resin, chemical composition of C10H16O, in which the carbon hydrogen oxygen 79%, 10.5%, 10.5%, sometimes also contain a small amount of hydrogen sulfide.
Amber shape pie, reniform, tuberculate, elongated droplets and other irregular shapes. Is an amorphous body. The color yellow, orange, brown, yellow brown or dark red, light green and yellow, lavender species are extremely rare. Greasy luster, transparent to translucent. The refractive index 1.539-1.545, no pleochroism. 23 hardness, density 1.11.16g / cm3. Brittle, no cleavage, with a conchoidal fracture. Amber is organic, heated to 150 DEG C can be softened, 250 degrees C 300 fuses, emit aromatic smell of rosin. Amber is soluble in alcohol. Often contain insects, seeds and other inclusions.
Now the resin is commercial collection, such as Gao Ruisong's hard resin produced in new zealand. BALTIC AMBER JEWELLERY Wu, and hard resin is used for decoration industry. Amber varieties and evaluation. China according to different colors, amber divided the varieties of golden amber, blood amber, amber insect, fragrant amber, amber, amber, the spirit stone flower amber, amber, amber, clear water wax amber, earring, red pine resin, which is a precious quality golden amber amber.
Now the amber value is not high, unless it is antique, exquisite works of art or containing biological body. Amber in insect clarity, color,wireless keyboard
shape and size determines its economic value. Color is concentrated, and no impurities is preferred. In green color and transparent red for the best. The most valuable species are covered with insect amber, commonly known as" possession of amber bee", in order to clear insects, form true to life likeness, individual big, is the best number. Many used to make beads, beads, carvings, cigarette box, health incense.
Amber maintenance. Amber of low melting point, easy to melt, heat intolerance, fear of exposure, the amber products should avoid direct exposure to the sun, should not be placed in high-temperature. Amber dehydration, excessive drying is easy to generate crack. The amber belongs to organic matter, easily soluble in organic solvents, such as nail polish, alcohol, gasoline, kerosene, heavy liquid makeup, should not be placed in the cabinet, under normal circumstances, do not use the heavy liquid measuring their density and refractive index of immersion method. Amber is crisp, low hardness, is impacted by external force, should avoid friction, characterizations, prevent scratch, broken.
Amber imitation and recognition. Amber imitation with bakelite, plastic and glass Faux amber. According to the general amber very low density, hardness,golden south sea pearl easy to soften to differentiate. The amber and other imitation together into salt saturated solution, only the amber can float, and bakelite, plastics, glass imitation amber imitation were sunk in saturated brine.
Refractive index 1.66: bakelite, plastic 1.63, were greater than the amber. Needle test with a hot iron, amber from rosin and taste, bakelite, plastic issued pungent flavor. And the most similar is pressed amber amber. Pressed amber is a block of small amber together, at 200 degrees C 250 heating, melting, so that the cooled melt together, having an elongated or flattened bubbles, significant flow structure, under the magnifying glass observation can see cloudy granular structure.
Amber is one of the oldest gem jewelry materials, as precious stones, also has a history of nearly 6000. In Chinese, Greek and Egyptian many tombs have been excavated, all with amber jewelry. Women in ancient Rome, the jewels in the hands of the habit, its reason is in the palm of the hand temperature, amber is heated can emit a light and elegant aroma. The ancient Romans gave amber high value, a small statue of carved amber, a robust than the higher value of the slaves. Amber is able to eliminate the painful town Jing, some local kids to the chest often linked to a string of amber, as Zhen Jing evil.
Amber is often found in coal seam, and the jet accompanying. Fushun amber produced mainly in the early Cenozoic third discipline contains amber in the coal, the European countries bordering the Baltic Amber 's most famous production, such as the United States, India, the other in North America, New Zealand, Burma and other countries have output. China 's Fushun and Henan amber is found in Liaoning Nanyang area, Fushun amber yellow to golden yellow, which often includes insects, clear and beautiful, is extremely precious varieties. Nanyang amber quality is poor, only medicinal and making pressed amber.
2011年11月9日星期三
introduction
Hair is the head and back of the head parts of the hair. In addition to increased beauty hair people, mainly to protect the head. Can prevent summer sun, winter cold. Soft fluffy hair has elasticity, can resist the lighter collision, can also help head sweat evaporation. The average human hair is about 100000 or so. In all the hair, hair length, especially the woman with long hair, some can grow to a length of 90 ~ 100cm, and even 150cm.
Basic introduction
[ hair ]
Pinyin: T: u F,
He with phonetic: maybe."
English: human hair on top of the head; locks; hair
Hair, or a single called, refers to the long in human head hair. Hair color is genetically determined, in general, common black, golden yellow, brown and red, when human aging, usually silver hair.
Only human hair will always grow, so people often barber, and animals do not have this phenomenon. One of the reasons are not clear.
The average human hair is about 100000 or so.
In all the hair, hair length,冬季中暑
especially the woman with long hair, some can grow to a length of 90 ~ 100cm, and even can be up to 200cm.
Under normal circumstances, hair daily growth of about 0.3 mm, 1 mm in 3 days. Sunlight can accelerate the growth of the hair. Each hair of the life span is generally 2 to 4 years, the longest up to 6 years. If 50 consecutive years of a word, can grow to 6 meters of above. Reportedly,新生兒
India has a monk of dean of Academy of history of China and the United States, his hair was long and 7.9 meters, is the world's longest human hair.
Hair in the world, due to racial and regional difference, has dark yellow, red, brown, red brown, yellow, grey, and even green and red. But also through the hair coloring the hair dyed various colors. Scientific research has proven : the color of the hair with the hair contains metal elements related to the different. Brunette containing equal amounts of copper, iron and melanin, when the nickel content increases, will turn gray. Golden hair containing titanium, reddish-brown hair containing molybdenum,小嬰兒
red brown except copper, iron, and cobalt, green hair is contain too much copper. In some African countries, some children 's hair is red, is a serious lack of protein by.
Yellow and black hair for the vast majority of black, and white people have a variety of colors. Hair is a different color, is because the hair melanin within the distribution of the number of melanin granules, induced by different quantity, density, the hair was black, and hair color is light, sunlight will show different color.
Hair is not associated with the epidermis showed a vertical growth, general tilt angle of 40 degrees 50 minutes, and different parts of hair tilt are not in the same direction, namely the formation of what people say" head vortex".
Such as a large number of falling hair, is a kind of morbid, but mostly in systemic diseases, such as had acute infectious diseases, 強生嬰兒like typhoid fever, scarlet fever, or suffering from chronic diseases such as tuberculosis, anemia, diabetes and endocrine disorders, as well as local cutaneous pathologies, such as alopecia areata, seborrheic dermatitis, can be cause hair loss.
Physiological characteristics
The hair from the bottom to the top can be divided into the dermal papilla, hair, hair root and hairy stem four parts. Physical characteristics and function of hair depends mainly on the scalp epidermis following dermal papilla, hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
Hair follicle hair root in the dermis layer of the inner portion, from the hair root sheath, the outer hair root sheath and the wool ball, inner hair root sheath in hair growth period and hair is directly adjacent to the sheath. Inner root sheath is a hard straight, thick keratin of the tube, which determines when the cross section shape of hair growth. Inner sheath lower three layers: HUXLEY, HENLE sheath sheath and the inner root sheath surface. Before the hair keratin, hair root sheath and hair grow together, the sources are follicles underlying reproduction cell.
In close to the epidermis, hair root sheath and the epidermis and hair follicles from.
Hair follicle dermal papilla is the most lower end, connected with the capillaries and nerve endings. In the hair follicles of the bottom, epidermal cells continuously divide and differentiate. The epidermal cell differentiation in different ways, the formation of hair of different components (such as the cortex, cuticle and medulla etc.), the outermost layer of cells in the formation of inner root sheath. In this phase, the cell is soft and terminal keratinization.
Sebaceous gland function is the secretion of sebum, sebum sebum pipe by extrusion, when the hair through the tube when the sebum, away from the sebum pipe extrusion sebum. Sebum for hair to provide natural protection, endow hair gloss and waterproof performance of.
Arrector pili muscle and epidermis is connected very small muscular organ, it depends on the external physiological environment, arrector pili muscle stretch or shrink. Temperature drop or adrenal hormones, the hair pulled up to a higher position, so that the hair turned up.
Basic introduction
[ hair ]
Pinyin: T: u F,
He with phonetic: maybe."
English: human hair on top of the head; locks; hair
Hair, or a single called, refers to the long in human head hair. Hair color is genetically determined, in general, common black, golden yellow, brown and red, when human aging, usually silver hair.
Only human hair will always grow, so people often barber, and animals do not have this phenomenon. One of the reasons are not clear.
The average human hair is about 100000 or so.
In all the hair, hair length,冬季中暑
especially the woman with long hair, some can grow to a length of 90 ~ 100cm, and even can be up to 200cm.
Under normal circumstances, hair daily growth of about 0.3 mm, 1 mm in 3 days. Sunlight can accelerate the growth of the hair. Each hair of the life span is generally 2 to 4 years, the longest up to 6 years. If 50 consecutive years of a word, can grow to 6 meters of above. Reportedly,新生兒
India has a monk of dean of Academy of history of China and the United States, his hair was long and 7.9 meters, is the world's longest human hair.
Hair in the world, due to racial and regional difference, has dark yellow, red, brown, red brown, yellow, grey, and even green and red. But also through the hair coloring the hair dyed various colors. Scientific research has proven : the color of the hair with the hair contains metal elements related to the different. Brunette containing equal amounts of copper, iron and melanin, when the nickel content increases, will turn gray. Golden hair containing titanium, reddish-brown hair containing molybdenum,小嬰兒
red brown except copper, iron, and cobalt, green hair is contain too much copper. In some African countries, some children 's hair is red, is a serious lack of protein by.
Yellow and black hair for the vast majority of black, and white people have a variety of colors. Hair is a different color, is because the hair melanin within the distribution of the number of melanin granules, induced by different quantity, density, the hair was black, and hair color is light, sunlight will show different color.
Hair is not associated with the epidermis showed a vertical growth, general tilt angle of 40 degrees 50 minutes, and different parts of hair tilt are not in the same direction, namely the formation of what people say" head vortex".
Such as a large number of falling hair, is a kind of morbid, but mostly in systemic diseases, such as had acute infectious diseases, 強生嬰兒like typhoid fever, scarlet fever, or suffering from chronic diseases such as tuberculosis, anemia, diabetes and endocrine disorders, as well as local cutaneous pathologies, such as alopecia areata, seborrheic dermatitis, can be cause hair loss.
Physiological characteristics
The hair from the bottom to the top can be divided into the dermal papilla, hair, hair root and hairy stem four parts. Physical characteristics and function of hair depends mainly on the scalp epidermis following dermal papilla, hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
Hair follicle hair root in the dermis layer of the inner portion, from the hair root sheath, the outer hair root sheath and the wool ball, inner hair root sheath in hair growth period and hair is directly adjacent to the sheath. Inner root sheath is a hard straight, thick keratin of the tube, which determines when the cross section shape of hair growth. Inner sheath lower three layers: HUXLEY, HENLE sheath sheath and the inner root sheath surface. Before the hair keratin, hair root sheath and hair grow together, the sources are follicles underlying reproduction cell.
In close to the epidermis, hair root sheath and the epidermis and hair follicles from.
Hair follicle dermal papilla is the most lower end, connected with the capillaries and nerve endings. In the hair follicles of the bottom, epidermal cells continuously divide and differentiate. The epidermal cell differentiation in different ways, the formation of hair of different components (such as the cortex, cuticle and medulla etc.), the outermost layer of cells in the formation of inner root sheath. In this phase, the cell is soft and terminal keratinization.
Sebaceous gland function is the secretion of sebum, sebum sebum pipe by extrusion, when the hair through the tube when the sebum, away from the sebum pipe extrusion sebum. Sebum for hair to provide natural protection, endow hair gloss and waterproof performance of.
Arrector pili muscle and epidermis is connected very small muscular organ, it depends on the external physiological environment, arrector pili muscle stretch or shrink. Temperature drop or adrenal hormones, the hair pulled up to a higher position, so that the hair turned up.
2011年11月8日星期二
place
Don't let the" move" the baby's hair
In winter, not only a lot of adult are cold, not to mention the tender baby. So parents will give the baby to close the body warm, but you know what? You have overlooked a very important place, that's his hair, in the cold winter, the baby's hair is also subjected to freezing test, also very afraid of" cold"! So, mother-infant editorial suggestions, in winter, parents should also pay attention to strengthen the baby hair" warm " the job.
For example, consider the option to purchase properties" moderate" baby shampoo, generally in line with the standard baby shampoo, in the packaging will be labeled red drops" no tears for dispensing" four Chinese characters, the current market there are many infant supplies are no tears formula, such as Johnson baby products baby shampoo, parents consider trying!
Of course, in order to let the baby hair can also warm winter, day care is essential! The following method is worthy of reference for parents!!
Method: to reduce number of baby shampoo
In the winter as far as possible to reduce the number of baby shampoo, shampoo 1 ~ 2 times a week is enough. Shampoo to use gentle not to hurt the skin professional baby shampoo, the editor suggested parents want to consider purchasing such as Johnson baby supplies baby shampoo and other old brand, and after years of market and customer service test the product, these big brands of baby shampoo, mild and not hurt the baby, eyes and skin, apply to all kinds of skin baby.
Method two: gently massage Essential
Baby shampoo, mothers must give him the scalp massage, can promote the blood circulation of scalp hair growth, obtain more resources, make the hair look more black health. Massage can not be used in the nail contacting the scalp, can only use the finger belly from the forehead hair site began in fixed positions, kneading, slowly step by step to the forehead parts after the kneading, then moved to the top, sides, until after the neck.
On some hair long baby, with ribbon,.
elastic beam, don't put the hair bundle too tight, it is unfavorable to the baby hair growth and health. Do not give your baby the best hair, with hair as well, can naturally droop, this can make the natural hair growth. Comb hair is best to use comb distance is wide and the quality of the soft pliable baby special comb.
Method three: sunscreen should be timely
In winter, many parents would take the baby to the outdoors in the sun, but the sun UV content than does the summer sun less, especially the weather is dry, sunny days, direct sunlight baby's hair, make hair more dry, so do not forget to give your baby's hair" sun", should try to open an umbrella or wear sunshade hat, this can not interfere with the baby in the sun, will also reduce the sunlight ultraviolet rays on the hair damage.
Johnson baby supplies baby reminder: carbohydrate intake of excessive, particularly fructose, will cause the forehead bald. So parents must reduce their sugar intake after baby.
Experts say,, shave lanugo hair, shaved head and hair healthy and beautiful there is inevitable connection between. " The child's hair is good, one influenced by genetics, but also has the nutrition, nursing and disease factors."
Head grease thick children need to cut short hair
Lanugo hair shaved hair grow faster, thicker, more dense, this concept is ingrained in older people, which also affected the parents of the younger generation. Kiki's mom is listening to mother said, so please a shave lanugo master home, hard to baby is quite thick hair shaved. It was because of this a shave, a scalp blows hard, causing the skin infection, results in impaired follicles, eventually leaving a small permanent" scar".
" Newborn skin tender, with razor shaved very easily hurt the scalp, once the infection may damage the skin structure, causing irreversible damage." Guangzhou City Chinese medicine hospital pediatric experts say, not every child needs to shave lanugo, unless a thick layer of fat children head, because the head is hard to remove grease plug the pores, easily inflamed, also disadvantageous to the perspiration, usually can spread some peanut oil or vegetable oil dissolving head fat, let it slowly fall off.
If you cut your hair, oil will become a lot easier, but also does not need to shave their heads, only to have your hair cut a point.
In winter, not only a lot of adult are cold, not to mention the tender baby. So parents will give the baby to close the body warm, but you know what? You have overlooked a very important place, that's his hair, in the cold winter, the baby's hair is also subjected to freezing test, also very afraid of" cold"! So, mother-infant editorial suggestions, in winter, parents should also pay attention to strengthen the baby hair" warm " the job.
For example, consider the option to purchase properties" moderate" baby shampoo, generally in line with the standard baby shampoo, in the packaging will be labeled red drops" no tears for dispensing" four Chinese characters, the current market there are many infant supplies are no tears formula, such as Johnson baby products baby shampoo, parents consider trying!
Of course, in order to let the baby hair can also warm winter, day care is essential! The following method is worthy of reference for parents!!
Method: to reduce number of baby shampoo
In the winter as far as possible to reduce the number of baby shampoo, shampoo 1 ~ 2 times a week is enough. Shampoo to use gentle not to hurt the skin professional baby shampoo, the editor suggested parents want to consider purchasing such as Johnson baby supplies baby shampoo and other old brand, and after years of market and customer service test the product, these big brands of baby shampoo, mild and not hurt the baby, eyes and skin, apply to all kinds of skin baby.
Method two: gently massage Essential
Baby shampoo, mothers must give him the scalp massage, can promote the blood circulation of scalp hair growth, obtain more resources, make the hair look more black health. Massage can not be used in the nail contacting the scalp, can only use the finger belly from the forehead hair site began in fixed positions, kneading, slowly step by step to the forehead parts after the kneading, then moved to the top, sides, until after the neck.
On some hair long baby, with ribbon,.
elastic beam, don't put the hair bundle too tight, it is unfavorable to the baby hair growth and health. Do not give your baby the best hair, with hair as well, can naturally droop, this can make the natural hair growth. Comb hair is best to use comb distance is wide and the quality of the soft pliable baby special comb.
Method three: sunscreen should be timely
In winter, many parents would take the baby to the outdoors in the sun, but the sun UV content than does the summer sun less, especially the weather is dry, sunny days, direct sunlight baby's hair, make hair more dry, so do not forget to give your baby's hair" sun", should try to open an umbrella or wear sunshade hat, this can not interfere with the baby in the sun, will also reduce the sunlight ultraviolet rays on the hair damage.
Johnson baby supplies baby reminder: carbohydrate intake of excessive, particularly fructose, will cause the forehead bald. So parents must reduce their sugar intake after baby.
Experts say,, shave lanugo hair, shaved head and hair healthy and beautiful there is inevitable connection between. " The child's hair is good, one influenced by genetics, but also has the nutrition, nursing and disease factors."
Head grease thick children need to cut short hair
Lanugo hair shaved hair grow faster, thicker, more dense, this concept is ingrained in older people, which also affected the parents of the younger generation. Kiki's mom is listening to mother said, so please a shave lanugo master home, hard to baby is quite thick hair shaved. It was because of this a shave, a scalp blows hard, causing the skin infection, results in impaired follicles, eventually leaving a small permanent" scar".
" Newborn skin tender, with razor shaved very easily hurt the scalp, once the infection may damage the skin structure, causing irreversible damage." Guangzhou City Chinese medicine hospital pediatric experts say, not every child needs to shave lanugo, unless a thick layer of fat children head, because the head is hard to remove grease plug the pores, easily inflamed, also disadvantageous to the perspiration, usually can spread some peanut oil or vegetable oil dissolving head fat, let it slowly fall off.
If you cut your hair, oil will become a lot easier, but also does not need to shave their heads, only to have your hair cut a point.
2011年11月3日星期四
ulcer tinea
Attending functions
Detoxification, to rot, insecticidal. Topical treatment of nasal polyposis, eyelid erosion, ulcer tinea.
Usage and dosage
This product is generally made for external use. Internal medicine often match into the corresponding formula in the treatment of wind phlegm infestation, sudden fainting and blood-gas aching disorder, the dosage of 0.5 ~ 1.
Excerpts from" the compilation of Chinese herbal medicine"
Malachite English name is Malachite, from the Greek word Mallache, meaning "green". Malachite due to color like peacock feather spots on a green and beautiful name. The ancient Chinese called Malachite as" green"," green" or" Qing Langgan".Jiangxi province
Malachite is a kind of ancient jade.
Malachite is copper carbonate minerals, chemical composition of Cu2 [CO3 ] ( OH ) 2, CuO71.9%, CO219.9%, H2O8.15%. Monoclinic. Crystal morphology of Chang Chengzhu type or acicular, very rare, usually in the form of cryptocrystalline stalactite, massive, crusty, nodules and fibrillar aggregates. With concentric layered structure radially, fiber. Green, malachite green, dark green. Often there are lines, silky luster or vitreous luster, like transparent to opaque. Refractive index 1.661.91, double refraction rate 0.25, polychromatic colorless - yellow - dark green. 3.54.5 hardness, density 3.544.1g / cm3. Brittle, conchoidal fracture to stagger. In hydrochloric acid react, and easily dissolved.
The difference between malachite and similar jade. Malachite green and peacock to special typical strip for its identification characteristics,minerals symbiosis
is not easily confused with other gems, but with beryl, chrysocolla similarity. The difference is: Turquoise hardness, density, 5-6, 2.6-2.9g / cm3, refractive index, 1.62. Chrysocolla hardness of small, small density, 2-4, 2-2.4g / cm3, 1.57 refractive index.
Malachite varieties and evaluation. Malachite varieties are ordinary malachite, malachite gem stone, opal, green malachite malachite. Malachite gemstone is a very rare malachite crystal. Malachite as ornamental stones, ornamental products, requirements of bright color, pure and uniform, ribbon pattern with clear, block and compact without holes, the bigger the better. Malachite opal asked its background is clear, light. Malachite heart-shaped pendant can be carved, egg shape ring, necklace, can also be made of seal materials.
The maintenance of malachite.DVB T RECEIVER Malachite do gem is not durable, low hardness, not long time keep good luster, can only use the beading and brooch. The Russians the malachite for interior decoration of building materials, Lenin Siegler's Saint Isaacs Cathedral Park column with malachite. Malachite is also used for carving a variety of worship supplies and decorations, fireplace and desktop mosaic.
As early as 4000 years ago, ancient Egyptians mined in Suez and Sinai between mine, using malachite as children's amulet, they think in a child's cradle hang a malachite, all the evil spirits will be deported. In some German regions, people believe that wearing Malachite people can avoid the threat of death. China in thirteenth Century BC, Yin Dai had Malachite Stone Crafts hairpin. Because it has the bright bluish green, make it become the minerals in the most attractive decorative materials.
Malachite from copper sulfide deposit oxidation zone, often with other copper minerals symbiosis ( azurite, chalcocite, copper, copper and other natural ). The world famous origin are Zambia, Australia, Namibia, Russia, Zaire, the United States and other regions. Our main production in Guangdong Yangchun, Hubei Daye and the northwest of Jiangxi province.
Malachite green
Detoxification, to rot, insecticidal. Topical treatment of nasal polyposis, eyelid erosion, ulcer tinea.
Usage and dosage
This product is generally made for external use. Internal medicine often match into the corresponding formula in the treatment of wind phlegm infestation, sudden fainting and blood-gas aching disorder, the dosage of 0.5 ~ 1.
Excerpts from" the compilation of Chinese herbal medicine"
Malachite English name is Malachite, from the Greek word Mallache, meaning "green". Malachite due to color like peacock feather spots on a green and beautiful name. The ancient Chinese called Malachite as" green"," green" or" Qing Langgan".Jiangxi province
Malachite is a kind of ancient jade.
Malachite is copper carbonate minerals, chemical composition of Cu2 [CO3 ] ( OH ) 2, CuO71.9%, CO219.9%, H2O8.15%. Monoclinic. Crystal morphology of Chang Chengzhu type or acicular, very rare, usually in the form of cryptocrystalline stalactite, massive, crusty, nodules and fibrillar aggregates. With concentric layered structure radially, fiber. Green, malachite green, dark green. Often there are lines, silky luster or vitreous luster, like transparent to opaque. Refractive index 1.661.91, double refraction rate 0.25, polychromatic colorless - yellow - dark green. 3.54.5 hardness, density 3.544.1g / cm3. Brittle, conchoidal fracture to stagger. In hydrochloric acid react, and easily dissolved.
The difference between malachite and similar jade. Malachite green and peacock to special typical strip for its identification characteristics,minerals symbiosis
is not easily confused with other gems, but with beryl, chrysocolla similarity. The difference is: Turquoise hardness, density, 5-6, 2.6-2.9g / cm3, refractive index, 1.62. Chrysocolla hardness of small, small density, 2-4, 2-2.4g / cm3, 1.57 refractive index.
Malachite varieties and evaluation. Malachite varieties are ordinary malachite, malachite gem stone, opal, green malachite malachite. Malachite gemstone is a very rare malachite crystal. Malachite as ornamental stones, ornamental products, requirements of bright color, pure and uniform, ribbon pattern with clear, block and compact without holes, the bigger the better. Malachite opal asked its background is clear, light. Malachite heart-shaped pendant can be carved, egg shape ring, necklace, can also be made of seal materials.
The maintenance of malachite.DVB T RECEIVER Malachite do gem is not durable, low hardness, not long time keep good luster, can only use the beading and brooch. The Russians the malachite for interior decoration of building materials, Lenin Siegler's Saint Isaacs Cathedral Park column with malachite. Malachite is also used for carving a variety of worship supplies and decorations, fireplace and desktop mosaic.
As early as 4000 years ago, ancient Egyptians mined in Suez and Sinai between mine, using malachite as children's amulet, they think in a child's cradle hang a malachite, all the evil spirits will be deported. In some German regions, people believe that wearing Malachite people can avoid the threat of death. China in thirteenth Century BC, Yin Dai had Malachite Stone Crafts hairpin. Because it has the bright bluish green, make it become the minerals in the most attractive decorative materials.
Malachite from copper sulfide deposit oxidation zone, often with other copper minerals symbiosis ( azurite, chalcocite, copper, copper and other natural ). The world famous origin are Zambia, Australia, Namibia, Russia, Zaire, the United States and other regions. Our main production in Guangdong Yangchun, Hubei Daye and the northwest of Jiangxi province.
Malachite green
2011年11月2日星期三
various colors
Is the world's most beautiful and most precious stones, 95% of the world's opal manufacturing in australia. Opal 's chemical composition is SiO2 opal nH2O ( silicon molecules and water mixture ). According to the opal embryoid body color display, it can be divided into colorless, white, light gray, dark gray to black. Unlike other gemstones, opal with charming color is based on the random" chameleon game" to show the spectrum of various colors.
Opal is a gel or liquid silica left into the formation fractures and caves in the deposition of solidified into amorphous non crystal gem mine,University topaz.
which also contains the animal and plant residues, such as trees, shells and bones. In the high grade 5 opal in the moisture can be up to 10%. Usually opal refractive index range from 1.38 to 1.60, Mohs hardness range for 5.5-6.5.
In the opal in the forming process of silica solution, like lava flows into the inland stratigraphic gap and empty ore zone of deposition. Deposition occurs in the ground about forty meters deep, approximately every five million years the sediment will add a cm in thickness. After this phase, a period of two million years with climate change sediment began to slowly solidified. Opal is not binding on other sediments, and after a long time before the hard part.
We usually natural opal is divided into two categories:" plait Xiu Si opal" and" common opal". Plait Xiu Si opal bright color, can appear in full color game, relatively rare and valuable. Dark color, can not show the color game called common opal, common opal found worldwide and produced in small quantities.
In the opal mining out of opal in 95% are all common opal, usually only white, gray or black colour. They are only suitable for" de Bolle opal" and" Chui Bo Lai opal" background stone lining. The remaining 5% are some color grade opal,bring beauty
but 95% of them are just ordinary grade. That is to say, only about 0.25% of the mining amount can be called the true value of the opal.
Plait Xiu Si opal was defined as the color game silicon opal. The term " change the game" is used to describe the precious opal is stunning change opal magic color. The Australian production of opal is sometimes referred to as " deposition " gem " because it is the main form and produced in Great Artesian Basin in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. Plait Xiu Si opal usually contain 6-10% water, at the same time it contains small silicon particles are arranged in a regular pattern. Its Mohs hardness of 5.5-6.5 in general, according to the different proportion of water content in 1.9-2.3.
Silica condensation process, water gradually reduced, gel form a spherical shape, spherical body natural attachment granular silica,jewelry factory the amorphous silicon particle size in the 1500 to 3500 angstrom ( 1 angstrom is 1/100000000 cm.).
The spheres are small, but was full of opal, is extremely regular arrangement. Because they are round ball, from the structure that has a small gap ( like many marble ball is placed in the container after appearing in the interstices between them ), the space is a three-dimensional arrangement. Opal color as a result of these rules are arranged through the voids optical diffraction effect produced by the decomposition of white light. When the silicon is big time, gap will be relatively large, red or orange diffraction light will appear.
If silicon is small, the same gap will be relatively small, blue purple spectrum by diffraction effects are factored out. The color is like rainbow over changes in general, light diffraction effect is strongest is the largest gap size, so the red color change opal opal surface often very bright, blue, the color change is relatively dim.
In conclusion, plait Hughes opal color changes from regular arrays of silicon particles and the gap between the diffraction effect on white. Silicon particle diameter determines the opal color range, small silicon will usually produce a purple blue opal, otherwise there will be precious red. Every gold OPAL according to their quality has a different value, the key determinants are: embryoid body tone, color, color, brightness of the game; pattern, size and shape.
Opal is a gel or liquid silica left into the formation fractures and caves in the deposition of solidified into amorphous non crystal gem mine,University topaz.
which also contains the animal and plant residues, such as trees, shells and bones. In the high grade 5 opal in the moisture can be up to 10%. Usually opal refractive index range from 1.38 to 1.60, Mohs hardness range for 5.5-6.5.
In the opal in the forming process of silica solution, like lava flows into the inland stratigraphic gap and empty ore zone of deposition. Deposition occurs in the ground about forty meters deep, approximately every five million years the sediment will add a cm in thickness. After this phase, a period of two million years with climate change sediment began to slowly solidified. Opal is not binding on other sediments, and after a long time before the hard part.
We usually natural opal is divided into two categories:" plait Xiu Si opal" and" common opal". Plait Xiu Si opal bright color, can appear in full color game, relatively rare and valuable. Dark color, can not show the color game called common opal, common opal found worldwide and produced in small quantities.
In the opal mining out of opal in 95% are all common opal, usually only white, gray or black colour. They are only suitable for" de Bolle opal" and" Chui Bo Lai opal" background stone lining. The remaining 5% are some color grade opal,bring beauty
but 95% of them are just ordinary grade. That is to say, only about 0.25% of the mining amount can be called the true value of the opal.
Plait Xiu Si opal was defined as the color game silicon opal. The term " change the game" is used to describe the precious opal is stunning change opal magic color. The Australian production of opal is sometimes referred to as " deposition " gem " because it is the main form and produced in Great Artesian Basin in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. Plait Xiu Si opal usually contain 6-10% water, at the same time it contains small silicon particles are arranged in a regular pattern. Its Mohs hardness of 5.5-6.5 in general, according to the different proportion of water content in 1.9-2.3.
Silica condensation process, water gradually reduced, gel form a spherical shape, spherical body natural attachment granular silica,jewelry factory the amorphous silicon particle size in the 1500 to 3500 angstrom ( 1 angstrom is 1/100000000 cm.).
The spheres are small, but was full of opal, is extremely regular arrangement. Because they are round ball, from the structure that has a small gap ( like many marble ball is placed in the container after appearing in the interstices between them ), the space is a three-dimensional arrangement. Opal color as a result of these rules are arranged through the voids optical diffraction effect produced by the decomposition of white light. When the silicon is big time, gap will be relatively large, red or orange diffraction light will appear.
If silicon is small, the same gap will be relatively small, blue purple spectrum by diffraction effects are factored out. The color is like rainbow over changes in general, light diffraction effect is strongest is the largest gap size, so the red color change opal opal surface often very bright, blue, the color change is relatively dim.
In conclusion, plait Hughes opal color changes from regular arrays of silicon particles and the gap between the diffraction effect on white. Silicon particle diameter determines the opal color range, small silicon will usually produce a purple blue opal, otherwise there will be precious red. Every gold OPAL according to their quality has a different value, the key determinants are: embryoid body tone, color, color, brightness of the game; pattern, size and shape.
friction heat
Tian jade formation
Lantian jade belongs to metamorphic rock formed by later.
In the Imperial Palace Museum collection of the Han Dynasty jade and Xi'an of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed near the large" jade shop first", after identification, they are a kind of serpentinized marble, also known as the Lantian jade, is the origin of Shaanxi Lantian County names.
Since seventy time, geological workers in Lantian County Lantian jade. It is a kind of serpentinized marble. White marble was full of green grass with slippery sense of serpentine, Geological properties
when containing other impurities, also can appear red, yellow, black and other colors. Serpentinized marble of Lantian jade is composed of limestone, carbonate rock, dolomite by water solution, recrystallize into. During metamorphism of magnesian minerals ( such as dolomite ) can be turned into a serpentine.
Metamorphism
Metamorphism is defined by Lyell ( 1833) systematically presented. Metamorphism is defined with the crustal formation and development are closely related to a geological process, is in the earth's crust formation and evolution process of the earth, due to the change of internal forces, so that the existing crustal rocks in maintaining the basic state conditions, the original rock of general chemistry remained unchanged, the formation of new mineral composition and structure.
Metamorphism and magmatism sedimentation, there is certain difference and relation. Metamorphism and magmatism are relatively easy to distinguish between,contact metamorphism
the line between them is molten, and deposited into the rock action is an important symbol of mineral assemblages changes, generally with laumontite began to appear as a symbol. Control and effect of metamorphic factors of temperature and pressure.
Temperature effect
Temperature control and influence of metamorphism is one of the important factors. The majority of metamorphism is decreased with increasing temperature and the. The original rock temperatures in some mineral recrystallization, more important is to be able to make a variety of original components reconfigured into new mineral.
To determine the metamorphism occurred in the temperature range, both the initial and final temperature. Does not include the effects of weathering and metamorphism of sedimentary rocks into rocks.
But in the laumontite,jewelry factory glaucophane, lawsonite, paragonite, leaf Lashi and other metamorphic minerals in the first appeared, as the beginning of metamorphism. These minerals occur when the temperature range is in 150 degrees - 250 degrees. This is the metamorphism occurred starting temperature. Because metamorphism does not include raw rock mass of molten rock, end temperature is the original large-scale melting temperature, now identified as of 650 degrees - 100 degrees.
The second is about the causes of temperature changes, mainly has the following several kinds of factors:
Geothermal: rock with burial depth increases, while the temperature gradually increased, but its magnitude is generally small, according to the regional geological environment is different, from every kilometer ten degrees to more than 100 degrees, however its space scope. Geological workers called the change for geothermal increment rate or temperature gradient.
Radioactive element decay heat released: characterized by gross is big, uneven, sometimes very considerable.
Magma activities bring the heat: its strength and magmatic activity related to the scale, sometimes the scope is very small, only contact zone, which is called the contact metamorphism, and sometimes may also affect a region. Stress under the action of friction heat: the more local, such as fault zone.
2011年11月1日星期二
iron titanium
Positive spinel
As compared with the layered compounds LiCoO and LiNiO, spinel LiMnO to its price and environmental protection advantages as lithium ion battery cathode materials in the most development potential of A. However, spinel LiMnO in the battery charge and discharge cycle capacity loss attributed to organic solution decomposition and Jahn-Teller effect leads to structure damage.
At present people trying to modified spinel LiMnO material component, the material of Mn of the average oxidation state is maintained in slightly less than 3.5, thereby inhibiting Jahn-Teller to reduce distortion of spinel structure damage. A modified method is comprised of some transition metal ions, such as Co, Cr, Ni, Fe and Ti plasma to replace part of the Mn material.pearl jewelry
This paper adopts the traditional solid phase synthesis of spinel LiMnO standard, and electrochemical methods ( constant current charge and discharge, coulomb titration, cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance method ) and XRD, X, SEM were studied, the thermodynamic properties of charge discharge performance and cycle performance and its mechanism.
Preparation with different valence states of several cations ( Ni, Cr, V, Mo ) modified four yuan of spinel LiMMnO intercalation compounds as cathode material of lithium secondary battery two, the Li / LiMMnO cell was investigated by electrochemical and X ray diffraction study. In this paper the research work, not through low temperature sol-gel method was successfully prepared a new 3V spinel material CR modified LiO-yMnO ( y = 4 ) cation defect spinel phase, on the structure and electrochemical properties of made preliminary research. Keywords: lithium manganese spinel, cathode materials, lithium ion battery,down changes
doping, transition metal ions.
Positive spinel cheap, non-toxic, and has large electrochemical capacity, was found to be expensive to replace, toxic LiCoO_2 lithium ion battery anode materials is one of the best candidate. The capacity of the LiMn_2O_4 attenuation problem is to restrict its commercial bottleneck. Ion doping can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of LiMn_2O_4. This article reviews the domestic and foreign lithium ion battery anode material LiMn_2O_4 based on the literature review, with Li_2CO_3 and EMD as main raw materials by solid-phase reaction to prepare the Mg / F doped lithium manganese spinel oxide, and its application in power polymer lithium ion battery ( PLIB ), combined with XRD, SEM and electrochemical performance test means, on the structure, electrochemical properties and the relationship between the two.
Study found that, 750 deg.c 20h prepared with uniform cubic structure and grain size phase error accumulation and is conducive to the conductive agent of acetylene black in the active material particles bridging the microstructure characteristics of spinel lithium manganese oxide. The electrochemical testing results show, Mg doped LiMn_2O_4 spinel has good cycle performance.golden south sea pearls The 0.5C charge-discharge magnification, _ ( LiMn 1.92 ) Mg ( 0.08) O_4 first discharge capacity is about 90mAh / g ( vs.Lj ), a LiMn_2O_4 102mAh / g low, but the cycling performance significantly improved: after 300 cycles, no discernible decay capacity.
Spinel theory (wB%) : MgO 28.2, Al2O3 71.8. Isomorphism is very common. Mg2, Zn2, Mn2 by Fe2 isomorphic substitution, Mg-Fe, Mg-Zn can be formed between complete isomorphous series, the end member minerals are respectively called magnesia spinel MgAl2O4, iron, zinc spinel spinel FeAl2O4 ZnAl2O4. Al3, Cr3, Fe3, V3 often substitute; Al-Cr was a complete isomorphous series, the second end member respectively magnesium spinel MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4 magnesium chromite.
While the Al3 is Fe3, V3 instead of more limited. Mn class matter like instead of up to 1%; substitution of Ti 0.5%. Magnetite and iron titanium spar is a continuous solid solution, due to 2Fe3 = Ti4 Fe2 instead of formation.
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