pick marks

Bronze mainly copper oxidation, make its produce rust, patina is through the underground temperature and humidity, and various gas long-term erosion form. Thus, rust particle size and density is extremely delicate bond force is very strong. We know that the bronze after forming performance, should be golden, but in the underground, by the long-term environmental erosion, or conventional air oxidation, will make the bronzes from the golden color is dark yellow, dark yellow, brownish yellow to become black, green. Several color variations, long-term gradual evolution, make the surface layer of oxide skin, this phenomenon is known as the bronze coat.

Appearance
Mainly used for the identification of porcelain. The Qing Dynasty in the shape or species have increased significantly, and the ingenious. With Kangxi of period innovation make become an independent school. Zhuo device such as lute respect, respect, respect, horse legs like a statue, a Buddism godness Guanyin statue of Pteris, apple, apricot, the statue statues Ye Zun, rod hammer bottle, cloth orange, set out, willow and convex colored goblet are former generation rare shape. Yong Zheng period in the shape of creation is also rich and colorful, such as backgammon respect, respect, respect, Qiu sheep ear deer head statue statue, spindle, Oxhead, garlic export ribbon Ruyi respect, charge-offs mouth bottle of olive, the altar, Daisy wheel.

 Especially the font generation kilns and permanent, into the porcelain glaze fetus, were not only remarkably like the true, but in the shape of a very authentic. Emperor Qianlong period of prominent modelling has turn neck bottle, bottle, bottle turn the heart to turn, flower basket, fan and Book seal box, book impenetrable defence etc.. This time regardless of innovation, antique have reached a climax, the imitation copper, stone, jade, lacquer, bamboo, wood and articles are very similar life like.

 To that, after Daoguang, mostly following old, very few innovative work. Modeling from the exquisite decay is heavy, have been gradually losing the excellent tradition. For example yu-hu-ch'un vase shape in the Kangxi, Yong Zheng, Qianlong three towards the difference is not significant, after gradually becomes unwieldy, Tongzhi, Guangxu emperor Xuantong period, to have become short neck Fung belly stout form, shape far less so exquisitely beautiful.

Know the yuan, Ming, Qing porcelain basic modeling features, and then also need to master observation modeling method. General attention must be given to the mouth, abdominal, bottom part three. A lot of similar containers at first glance looks very similar, careful observation of these three parts, we can draw a different conclusion. For example, in the middle of Ming Dynasty bottle, pot, pot class cut device modeling, many in the abdomen there are obvious pick marks, and the later Qing products because of rotary cutting is meticulous, the seam is not more apparent. So called line between, often in the dating of discrimination in the work plays a very important role.

As the market is smaller and the disk body curvature shallow, permanent, Ming Xuan market disc body radian slightly larger and slightly deep, the former small bottom, the bottom. Especially the Yongle modeling, both large and small, the bowl is for heart concave, convex bottom heart, and foot wall outward slightly left, a wall of about 1/2 to 1/4 short.

Others such as the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, many folk disc bowl bottom often have obvious wheel turning marks (the so-called" jump" ), while in the porcelain kilns are extremely rare. As for Kangxi the market some double ring bottom, folk pottery artifacts have flat below" linen lines", was also more common feature modeling. Cultural workers in the authenticity of each differential between old and new to these as a partial basis.